History and English Literature A-Level Notes

DISCLAIMER:

But please do take into consideration that I did these in a rush when I was doing them as revision and they may exclude a few important things so do not solely rely on these dodge-ly done plans. Although I had them checked (I physically wrote the changes and I didn't photocopy it or digitally change the plans), do check with your teachers that these plans are accurate and anything more you could add to it.

• Baronial Policy
• Cartae Baronum
• Inquest of Sheriffs
• Assizes of Clarendon
• Henry II’s treatment of his sons
• Young Henry’s jealousy
• John was given 3 castles whilst he was given no territory for himself or his wife and wanted power
• Geoffrey and Richard had land to rule over, former had Brittany, latter had Aquitaine
• Overall causes of Great Rebellion
• Eleanor’s jealousy of Rosamund and anger of Gascony
• Young Henry’s jealousy
• Richard and Geoffrey persuaded by Eleanor to join
• Louis VII wanted to diminish Henry’s authority
• William the Lion of Scotland wanted to regain land from David’s reign
• Other rebels disliked baronial policy and wished to establish more power
• Judgement
• Baronial policy played a great role, it led to long term hatred
• Taking away their power meant they craved more and saw an opportunity to do so through the Great Rebellion and hence they took part in it
• Other factors played a part i.e. Eleanor and Young Henry’s jealousy
• Ultimately, the numbers of barons and their role in the great rebellion was far more significant but it did not lead to the Great Rebellion as it was only an opportunity for them to regain power and to diminish royal authority
• What led to the Great Rebellion was the jealous of Young Henry and Eleanor in which they sought Louis VII to diminish Henry II’s royal authority and thus other rebellions became involved

1. How far had Henry II fulfilled his promise to restore royal authority in England by 1170?

• Royal Authority in England
• Barons and Royal Demesne
• Adulterine castles
• Regained lands lost in Stephen’s reign
• Cartae Baronum 1166
• Inquest of Sheriffs 1170
• Law and Justice
• 1166 Assizes of Clarendon
• Mort D’ancestor and Novel Disseisin
• Justice-in-eyre reformed
• Royal Finances
• Revived Exchequer – worked to full efficiency by 1169
• Erased baronage coinage and introduced own one
• Sheriffdoms given to Richard de Lacy and Thomas Becket
• Church
• Wanted to reform ecclesiastical courts – undermined authority and justice wasn’t performed as Henry would’ve liked
• Constitutions of Clarendon – bad, never carried out anyways due to Becket ordeal

Richard

• In the earlier years, John could be seen as a potential threat to Richard’s control of England, but not so much of a threat to Angevin France as when Richard returned to Normandy for war against Philip in 1194, John begged for Richard’s forgiveness.
• John as a threat?
• Yes
• 1193, Alliances with Philip and began stirring problems in Normandy
• City of Evreux given to John to hold by Philip
• 1194, John was willing to surrender all the lands east of Rouen
• No
• May 1194, Richard arrives in Normandy and John begs for Richard’s forgiveness
• Helps Richard, used subterfuge to gain entrance to Evreux
• Massacred garrison and handed city to Richard
• Philip as a threat?
• Yes
• April 1193, Philip invades Normandy, Gisors, a key castle surrenders to Philip
• Most of North-Eastern Normandy fell into Philip’s hands
• July 1193, Forced Richard’s men to agree to peace at Mantes
• Philip kept all of Richard’s territorial gains and gained major strongholds of Drincourt, Arques, Loches and Chatillon-sur-Indres
• Could potentially gain more lands in Normandy from John
• July 1194, Philip reinvaded Normandy and caught John’s forces in Verneuil
• Controlled most of Vexin until late 1198
• No
• Philip attempts to besiege Rouen but unsuccessful
• Philip couldn’t get the lands which John promised to surrender since Richard returned
• Philip’s forces were drove out of Normandy
• Philip attempted to arrange for a truce but it didn’t hold out for long
• Baldwin IX of Flanders helped to attack Philip in Artois
• Sept 1198, at Gisors, Richard launched surprise attack on Philip
• Almost dominant throughout the Vexin
• Other things as a threat?
• No
• June 1194, Richard easily reasserted authority in Greater Anjou
• Occupied Tours with help of brother-in-law Sancho of Navarre
• Also recaptured Loches
• Jan 1196, Richard recaptured Peace of Louviers
• Conclusion
• Richard was successful in the war against Philip, regained his lands back from seizing them and also from the truce agreed in Jan-March 1199 which made Philip renounce virtually all of the territorial gains and castles he took from Richard
• Only allowed for Philip to keep Gisors
• Little threat to Richard’s control of Angevin France
• Philip was only temporarily a threat in the earlier years
• John was far from the ‘greatest threat’

1. ‘A humiliating defeat for royal authority.’ How valid is this view the outcome of John’s dispute with Pope Innocent III?